'Imagination is more important than Knowledge' (Einstein) You can find the earlier Einstein Postings here: - Einstein - Part 1 - Einstein - Part 2 --| Einstein on Nature and Religous Feeling (Part 3) |--- "The human mind is not capable of grasping the Universe. We are like a little child entering a huge library. The walls are covered to the ceilings with books in many different tongues. The child knows that someone must have written these books. It does not know who or how. It does not understand the languages in which they are written. But the child notes a definite plan in the arrangement of the books---a mysterious order which it does not comprehend, but only dimly suspects." "The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing. One cannot help but be in awe when he contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, of the marvelous structure of reality. It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of this mystery every day. Never lose a holy curiosity." "What I see in Nature is a magnificent structure that we can comprehend only very imperfectly, and that must fill a thinking person with a feeling of "humility." This is a genuinely religious feeling that has nothing to do with mysticism" "The finest emotion of which we are capable is the mystic emotion. Herein lies the germ of all art and all true science. Anyone to whom this feeling is alien, who is no longer capable of wonderment and lives in a state of fear is a dead man. To know that what is impenatrable for us really exists and manifests itself as the highest wisdom and the most radiant beauty, whose gross forms alone are intelligible to our poor faculties - this knowledge, this feeling ... that is the core of the true religious sentiment. In this sense, and in this sense alone, I rank myself amoung profoundly religious men." --| On Widening Circles of Compassion |--- "A human being is part of a whole, called by us the "Universe," a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings, as something separated from the rest--a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circles of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty." (Albert Einstein, What I Believe, 1930) ¤ http://stripe.colorado.edu/~judy/einstein/universe.html -- compare with steiner in 1895: MAN IS A LIMITED BEING. FIRST OF ALL, HE IS A BEING AMONG OTHER BEINGS. HIS EXISTENCE BELONGS TO SPACE AND TIME. THUS, ONLY A LIMITED PART OF THE TOTAL UNIVERSE THAT CAN BE GIVEN HIM AT ANY ONE TIME. THIS LIMITED PART, HOWEVER, IS LINKED UP WITH OTHER PARTS IN ALL DIRECTIONS BOTH IN TIME AND IN SPACE. If our existence were so linked up with the things that every occurrence in the world were at the same time also an occurrence in us, the distinction between ourselves and the things would not exist. But then there would be no separate things at all for us. All occurrences would pass continuously one into the other. The cosmos would be a unity and a whole, complete in itself. The stream of events would nowhere be interrupted. It is owing to our limitations that a thing appears to us as single and separate when in truth they it is not a separate thing at all... Nowhere, for example, is the single quality "red" to be found by itself in isolation. It is surrounded on all sides by other qualities to which it belongs, and without which it could not subsist. For us, however, it is necessary to isolate certain sections of the world and to consider them by themselves. Our eye can grasp only single colours one after another out of a manifold totality of colour, and our understanding, can grasp only single concepts out of a connected conceptual system. This separating off is a subjective act, which is due to the fact that we are not identical with the world process, but are a single being among other beings. The all important thing now is to determine how the being that we ourselves are is related to the other entities. This determination must be distinguished from merely becoming conscious of ourselves. For this latter self-awareness we depend on perceiving just as we do for our awareness of any other thing. The perception of myself reveals to me a number of qualities which I combine into my personality as a whole, just as I combine the qualities yellow, metallic, hard, etc., in the unity "gold." The perception of myself does not take me beyond the sphere of what belongs to me. This perceiving of myself must be distinguished from determining myself by means of thinking. Just as, by means of thinking, I fit any single external percept into the whole world context, so by means of thinking I integrate into the world process the percepts I have made of myself. My self-perception confines me within certain limits, but my thinking is not concerned with these limits. In this sense I am a two-sided being. I am enclosed within the sphere which I perceive as that of my personality, but I am also the bearer of an activity which, from a higher sphere, defines my limited existence. OUR THINKING IS NOT INDIVIDUAL LIKE OUR SENSING AND FEELING; IT IS UNIVERSAL. IT RECEIVES AN INDIVIDUAL STAMP IN EACH SEPARATE HUMAN BEING ONLY BECAUSE IT COMES TO BE RELATED TO HIS INDIVIDUAL FEELINGS AND SENSATIONS. BY MEANS OF THESE PARTICULAR COLOURINGS OF THE UNIVERSAL THINKING, INDIVIDUAL MEN DIFFERENTIATE THEMSELVES FROM ONE ANOTHER. THERE IS ONLY ONE SINGLE CONCEPT OF "TRIANGLE". IT IS QUITE IMMATERIAL FOR THE CONTENT OF THIS CONCEPT WHETHER IT IS GRASPED IN A'S CONSCIOUSNESS OR IN B'S. IT WILL, HOWEVER, BE GRASPED BY EACH OF THE TWO IN HIS OWN INDIVIDUAL WAY. THIS THOUGHT IS OPPOSED BY A COMMON PREJUDICE VERY HARD TO OVERCOME. THIS PREJUDICE PREVENTS ONE FROM SEEING THAT THE CONCEPT OF A TRIANGLE THAT MY HEAD GRASPS IS THE SAME AS THE CONCEPT THAT MY NEIGHBOR'S HEAD GRASPS. THE NAIVE MAN BELIEVES HIMSELF TO BE THE CREATOR OF HIS CONCEPTS. HENCE HE BELIEVES THAT EACH PERSON HAS HIS OWN CONCEPTS. IT IS A FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT OF PHILOSOPHIC THINKING THAT IT SHOULD OVERCOME THIS PREJUDICE. THE ONE UNIFORM CONCEPT OF "TRIANGLE" DOES NOT BECOME A MULTIPLICITY BECAUSE IT IS THOUGHT BY MANY PERSONS. FOR THE THINKING OF THE MANY IS ITSELF A UNITY. IN THINKING, WE HAVE THAT ELEMENT GIVEN US WHICH WELDS OUR SEPARATE INDIVIDUALITY INTO ONE WHOLE WITH THE COSMOS. (Rudolf Steiner, The Philosophy of Freedom, Chapter 5, 1895) Human consciousness is the stage upon which concept and observation meet and become linked to one another. In saying this we have in fact characterized this (human) consciousness. It is the mediator between thinking and observation. In as far as we observe a thing it appears to us as given; in as far as we think, we appear to aurselves as being active. We regard the thing as object and ourselves as thinking subject. Because we direct our thinking upon our observation, we have consciousness of objects; because we direct it upon ourselves, we have consciousness of ourselves, or self-consciousness. Human consciousness must of necessity be at the same time self-consciousness because it is a consciousness which thinks. For WHEN THINKING CONTEMPLATES ITS OWN ACTIVITY, IT MAKES ITS OWN ESSENTIAL BEING, AS SUBJECT, INTO A THING, AS OBJECT. It must, however, not be overlooked that only with the help of thinking am I able to determine myself as subject and contrast myself with objects. Therefore thinking must never be regarded as a merely subjective activity. Thinking lies beyond subject and object. It produces these two concepts just as it produces all others. When, therefore, I, as thinking subject, refer a concept to an object, we must not regard this reference as something purely subjective. It is not the subject that makes the reference, but thinking. The subject does not think because it is a subject; rather it appears to itself as subject because it can think. The activity exercised by man as a thinking being is thus not merely subjective. (Rudolf Steiner, The Philosophy of Freedom, Chapter 4, 1895) http://www.elib.com/Steiner/Books/GA004/TPOF/ -- SUBMIT AN ARTICLE updated: july 24, 2001